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The Chemical Composition of the Sun
The star chemical composition is a very important ingredient in our understanding of the formation, structure, and evolution of each the Sun and our scheme. moreover, it’s a vital reference normal against that the basic contents of alternative astronomical objects square measure compared. during this review, we tend to measure the present understanding of the star photospheric composition. specifically, we tend to gift a determination of the abundances of nearly all on the market parts, employing a realistic new three-dimensional (3D), time-dependent hydrodynamical model of the star atmosphere. we’ve got rigorously thought-about the atomic computer file and choice of spectral lines, and accounted for departures from native thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE) whenever potential. the tip result’s a comprehensive and same compilation of the star elemental abundances. notably noteworthy findings square measure considerably lower abundances of C, N, O, and Ne compared to the wide used values of a decade agone. The new star chemical composition is supported by a high degree of internal consistency between on the market abundance indicators, and by agreement with values obtained within the star Neighborhood and from the foremost pristine meteorites. There is, however, a stark conflict with normal models of the star interior per helioseismology, a discrepancy that has nevertheless to search out a satisfactory resolution. [1]
Chemical Composition of Hawaiian Lavas1
One hundred and cardinal new chemical analyses of Hawaiian lavas are bestowed. These demonstrate that the ‘primitive’ rocks of all Hawaiian volcanoes are tholeiitic, that there’s no distinction between those of volcanoes that later gave rise to hawaiites and ankaramites and people that later created mugearites and trachytes, that there’s complete chemical gradation between tholeiitic and alkaline basalts, which tholeiitic and alkaline basalts are interstratified in a very skinny transition zone. Transition from tholeiitic to alkaline volcanic rock happens within the higher a part of the caldera-filling sequence in the volcanoes that created hawaiite, and within the higher a part of the defend below the unconformity at the bottom of the mugearitic cap in the volcanoes that created mugearite and trachyte.
Within the tholeiitic and alkaline suites, severally, differentiation is basically controlled by incomplete crystallization. The felsic finish member of the alkaline suite is soda trachyte; that of the tholeiitic suite is rhyodacite. [2]
Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes
The information regarding the most elements found in plasma membrane preparations and whole-cell hydrolysates of some 600 strains of aerobic actinomy-cetes is reviewed. The results show that whole-cell sugar patterns will sometimes be wont to predict plasma membrane composition which the mixture of each criteria allow separation of aerobic actinomycetes into ten taxonomically helpful teams. [3]
Bone mineral: new insights into its chemical composition
Some integrative and structural options of mature bone mineral particles stay unclear. they need been delineated as calcium-deficient and hydroxyl-deficient effervescent hydroxyapatite particles during which a fraction of the PO43− lattice sites area unit occupied by HPO42− ions. The time has come back to revise this description since it’s currently been tested that the surface of mature bone mineral particles isn’t within the variety of hydroxyapatite however rather within the variety of hydrous amorphous orthophosphate. employing a combination of dedicated solid-state nuclear resonance techniques, the hydrogen-bearing species gift in bone mineral and particularly the HPO42− ions were closely scrutinized. we tend to show that these HPO42− ions area unit targeted at the surface of bone mineral particles within the supposed amorphous surface layer whose thickness was calculable here to be concerning zero.8 nm for a 4-nm thick particle. we tend to additionally show that their molar proportion is way above antecedently calculable since they symbolize concerning 1/2 the general quantity of orthophosphate ions that compose bone mineral. As such, the mineral-mineral and mineral-biomolecule interfaces in bone tissue should be driven by stability hydrous amorphous environments made in HPO42− ions instead of by stable crystalline environments of hydroxyapatite structure. [4]
Study of Chemical and Mineral Composition of New Sour Milk Bio-product with Sapropel Powder
In this paper the results of chemical and mineral composition of recent bitter milk bio-product with sludge powder are given. sludge in powder type additional to the formulation of bitter milk of one.5% of total mass. sludge is characterised by high % of mineral components concentration (50.97%), significantly it’s wealthy in metal 316.0 mg/kg, atomic number 20 148.0 mg/kg (in the shape of atomic number 20 carbonate), zinc 59.7 mg/kg, copper 24.1 mg/kg. In new bitter milk bio-product the macromolecule content was considerably higher (20.95%) than on top of things sample (18.40%) with decreasing of wetness content to seventy six.0-76.3% than on top of things sample seventy nine.50%. Addition of one.5% of plant sludge will increase the alimentary worth of ultimate product up to fifteen.3 kcal or sixteen.4% as a result of high content of macromolecule and fat. [5]
Reference
[1] Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A.J. and Scott, P., 2009. The chemical composition of the Sun. Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics, 47, pp.481-522. (Web Link)
[2] MacDonald, G.A. and Katsura, T., 1964. Chemical composition of Hawaiian lavas. Journal of petrology, 5(1), pp.82-133. (Web Link)
[3] Lechevalier, M.P. and Lechevalier, H., 1970. Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 20(4), pp.435-443. (Web Link)
[4] Bone mineral: new insights into its chemical composition
Stanislas Von Euw, Yan Wang, Guillaume Laurent, Christophe Drouet, Florence Babonneau, Nadine Nassif & Thierry Azaïs
Scientific Reportsvolume 9, Article number: 8456 (2019) (Web Link)
[5] Gorelik, O., Shatskikh, Y., Rebezov, M., Kanareikina, S., Kanareikin, V., Lihodeyevskaya, O., Andrushechkina, N., Harlap, S., Temerbayeva, M., Dolmatova, I. and Okuskhanova, E. (2017) “Study of Chemical and Mineral Composition of New Sour Milk Bio-product with Sapropel Powder”, Annual Research & Review in Biology, 18(4), pp. 1-5. doi: 10.9734/ARRB/2017/36937. (Web Link)