Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among diabetics
Setting: Longitudinal epidemiological study supported diabetic and non-diabetic civil servants in Korea.
Objective: to work out a comparative incidence of consumption (PTB) between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
Design: Investigation of newly developed PTB among diabetics and non-diabetics between 1988 and 1990, on the idea of biennial checkup and therefore the medical records of these who claimed insurance for tuberculosis.
Results: The 1990 checkup and investigation of medical records of the insurance claimants revealed that PTB had developed in 170 patients (including 37 smear and eight culture positives) among 8015 diabetics, and in 4935 patients (including 538 smear and 342 culture positives) among 806 698 control subjects. Estimated annual incidence rates of PTB of (1) all kinds , (2) smear and/or culture positive versus (3) smear positive cases were 1061, 281 and 231 per 105 respectively among diabetics and 306, 55 and 33 per 105 among non-diabetic controls. PTB developed in 167 of 7695 male diabetics and in 3 of 320 female diabetics. The greater the age, the more diabetics were found. [1]
Radiologic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis.
In summary, the subsequent points are reemphasized: 1. The chest film is that the mainstay within the radiologic evaluation of suspected or proven pulmonary TB. CT is occasionally useful for clarifying confusing findings but has not been conclusively shown to possess a big impact on patient management. 2. Primary TB is increasingly a disease of adults. 3. Primary TB usually manifests as a parenchymal consolidation in any pulmonary lobe or segment. Distinguishing features from typical bacterial pneumonia include associated adenopathy, lack of systemic toxicity, failure to reply to standard antibacterial therapy, and up to date PPD conversion. 4. Associated ipsilateral hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy is nearly universal in children with primary TB but is a smaller amount common in adults. Adenopathy without parenchymal disease is an unusual but well-reported manifestation. 5. Many of the so-called unusual manifestations of adult TB are the standard manifestations of primary disease. [2]
Update: the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis produces a broad spectrum of radiographic abnormalities. During the first phase of the disease these include pulmonary consolidation (50%), which frequently involves the center or lower lobes or the anterior segment of an upper lobe; cavitation (29%) or pneumatocele formation (12%); segmental or lobar atelectasis (18%); pleural effusion (24%); hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (35%); disseminated miliary disease (6%); and a traditional chest radiograph (15%). During the postprimary phase of the disease, common abnormalities include exudative and/or fibroproductive parenchymal densities (100%), predominantly within the apical and posterior segments of the upper lobes (91%); cavitation (45%) with bronchogenic spread of disease (21%); marked fibrotic response within the lungs (29%); and pleural effusion, empyema, and fibrosis (18%, 4%, and 41%, respectively). Upper-lobe masslike lesions are seen occasionally (7%); spontaneous pneumothorax and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy are rare (5% each). [3]
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate early protective immunity against tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is that the leading explanation for death by an communicable disease worldwide1. However, the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in immune responses to infection with tubercle bacillus (Mtb) is unknown. Here we show that circulating subsets of ILCs are depleted from the blood of participants with consumption and restored upon treatment. Tuberculosis increased accumulation of ILC subsets within the human lung, coinciding with a strong transcriptional response to infection, including a task in orchestrating the recruitment of immune subsets. Using mouse models, we show that group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) accumulated rapidly in Mtb-infected lungs and coincided with the buildup of alveolar macrophages. [4]
Modeling Pulmonary Tuberculosis for Optimal Control Including Prevention
It is formulated and analyzed an optimal control problem for the transmission dynamics of the SEIS-like consumption (TB) including prevention by means of non-linear differential equations, which are linked to a functional cost. Also, it’s established and analyzed the utilization of optimal control to scale back the latent and infectious populations by using the Pontryaguin’s maximum principle (a Hamiltonian function which establishes a drag with numerical limits). then , simulations of the matter are done. Finally, with an analysis of the viability of strategies to regulate the disease, we’ve concluded that the appliance of effective control measures within the prevention generates a big decrease within the infected population also as affects directly the propagation of the infection. [5]
Reference
[1] Kim, S.J., Hong, Y.P., Lew, W.J., Yang, S.C. and Lee, E.G., 1995. Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among diabetics. Tubercle and lung disease, 76(6), (Web Link)
[2] McAdams, H.P., Erasmus, J. and Winter, J.A., 1995. Radiologic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 33(4), (Web Link)
[3] Woodring, J.H., Vandiviere, H.M., Fried, A.M., Dillon, M.L., Williams, T.D. and Melvin, I.G., 1986. Update: the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis. American journal of roentgenology, 146(3), (Web Link)
[4] Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate early protective immunity against tuberculosis
Amanda Ardain, Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez, […]Shabaana A. Khader
Nature volume 570, (Web Link)
[5] Betancourt, F. A., Pizza, D. M., Loaiza, A., Montoya, J. F., Muñoz, C. A., Arias, O. A., Olarte, J. A., Osorio, S., Contreras, H. and Zuluaga, V. (2017) “Modeling Pulmonary Tuberculosis for Optimal Control Including Prevention”, Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 21(6), (Web Link)